Nobel Prizes

If seems appropriate that after taking part in another brutal edition of the World Quizzing Championships earlier today my completely randomised way of dipping into these subjects has since seen me encounter one answer I got right and one that I got wrong. Anyway, on to more hard science that I don’t really understand…

Questions

Unfortunately having a tainted legacy thanks to him being a part of the ‘Deutsche Physik’ movement, which German 1919 Physics Nobel Laureate is known for his work on a phenomenon that sees spectral lines being split in an electric field?

JOHANNES STARK

2002 Economics Nobel Laureate Daniel Kahneman had a best-selling 2011 book with what title that gives an idea of the difference between the Systems 1 and 2 that are featured within it?

THINKING, FAST AND SLOW

Edward Chamberlin, 2002 Nobel Prize in Economics winner Vernon Smith and Charles Plott are considered pioneers in which area of economics that can take place inside a laboratory?

EXPERIMENTAL ECONOMICS

Japanese winner of the 1981 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Kenichi Fukui was given the award for his work on how which kind of orbitals affect chemical reactions? HOMO-LUMO reactions are a key feature of this theory.

FRONTIER (MOLECULAR)

Born in Poland, which theoretical chemist shared the 1981 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Kenichi Fukui? Along with Robert Burns Woodward he gives his name to a set of rules that have applications in molecular orbital theory.

ROALD HOFFMAN

1931 Nobel Prize in Chemistry laureate Carl Bosch has his surname sometimes included in the name of an industrial process used to create which compound? The German who is always credited had won the same prize 13 years earlier.

AMMONIA (In the Haber-Bosch process)

Having a process named for him that produces synthetic fuel from coal, which German shared the 1931 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Carl Bosch when the pair were recognised for their work on high-pressure industrial methods?

FRIEDRICH BERGIUS

Winners of the 1931 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Carl Bosch and Friedrich Bergius both worked for which German chemical and pharmaceutical syndicate that is commonly known by a name made up of two initials followed by a German plural? Split up after World War II, it was once the largest company in Europe and included BASF and Bayer under its umbrella.

IG FARBEN

Sharing his surname with a Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner for whom he once worked, which German chemist became a laureate himself in 1930 after synthesising haemin during his investigations into pigments within the blood?

HANS FISCHER

Later work on this nucleotide seeing Paul Boyer, John Walker and Jens Skou awarded the 1997 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, what did German biochemist Karl Lohmann isolate from muscle in 1929?

ATP

The first to show that an enzyme was a protein, James Sumner managed to carry out what process on urease after isolating it from jack beans? He later did a similar thing with catalase and his achievements were recognised with the 1946 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

CRYSTALLISATION

Sharing his name with the founder of an American aircraft manufacturer that merged with Grumman in 1994, which US biochemist who crystallised the digestive enzyme pepsin was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1946?

JOHN NORTHROP

Crystallisation of which botanical virus saw Wendell Stanley join John Northrop and James Sumner as a winner of the 1946 Nobel Prize in Chemistry? It had been discovered by Dmitri Ivanovsky in 1892 and led to the start of the scientific discipline of virology.

TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS

A crystallised form of which muscle protein was produced in 1932 by Hugo Theorell, a later winner of the 1955 Nobel Prize in Medicine? Further work done on it using x-ray crystallography saw John Kendrew become a 1962 laureate in the chemistry category.

MYOGLOBIN

Sharing the 1953 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Hans Krebs, which Königsberg-born US biochemist proposed that ATP is the carrier of chemical energy in many cells in the early 1940s?

FRITZ LIPMANN

Botany

I’ve accidentally written two questions months apart to try and understand one answer. I was tempted to bin one, but then decided it could serve as a good reminder of how things can be spun differently. And maybe I’ll even remember the answer!

Questions

Known by the names girlfriend kiss and labios de puta, those both coming from its bright red leaves that look like lips, ‘Palicourea elata’ is a Latin American species found in which flowering plant family that also contains the genera ‘Coffea’ and ‘Cinchona’?

RUBIACEAE

Official flower of the city of Shanghai, the Yulan is also known as the lilytree. In which genus can it be found, this being mentioned in the Abel Meeropol poem “Strange Fruit”?

MAGNOLIA

Fermentation is a form of what two-word process that occurs in certain organisms such as yeasts? An example is alcoholic fermentation where pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis, is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide.

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

Also found in parasitic fungi, what is the name of the structure that allows mistletoe to attach to its host and absorb nutrients?

HAUSTORIUM

Commonly known as dodder, which parasitic plant has been given names like strangleweed, wizard’s net and witch’s hair that give a flavour of how it wraps itself around its host? Using haustoria to extract nutrients from suitable plants, it has been used in traditional Chinese medicine.

CUSCUTA

Vacuoles found in plant cells are surrounded by a membrane that is known by what word, the first part of it being taken from a Greek term meaning ‘stretched’ or ‘strained’?

TONOPLAST

Naturally occurring auxins such as IAA are synthesized in actively growing regions of the plant. A derivative of an organic compound made up of a benzene ring fused to a pyrrole ring, for what does IAA stand for, usually having a 3 inserted between the I and first A?

INDOLEACETIC ACID / INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID

The synthetic auxins indolebutyric acid and naphthaleneacetic acid are sold in preparations of what type of hormones? An example of a gardening product that uses these in liquid form is Dip ‘N Grow.

ROOTING HORMONES

A term coming from Greek words that mean ‘tension’ and ‘formed’, what name is given to the membrane of vacuoles that can be found in plant cells?

TONOPLAST

Sharing the name of a barn owl from the “Guardians of Ga’Hoole”, which rose with bright pink petals was sung about in “Bedknobs and Broomsticks” and mentioned in Keats’ “Ode to a Nightingale”?

EGLANTINE

Geology

I’m definitely not familiar with Triassic sub-periods, including its epochs and ages or stages.

Questions

Apparently a time of little significant geological activity, what alliterative term has been given to the period in the Earth’s life cycle that occurred between 1.8 and 0.8 million years ago? It has been hypothesised that subsequent events led to a Snowball Earth during the Cryogenian period.

BORING BILLION

Having an adamantine luster, by what two-word term is the tough mineral carbonado also known, this being shared with a mountain sports equipment manufacturer who have their HQ in Utah?

BLACK DIAMOND

What two words does ‘holocene’ mean etymologically, it being the current geological epoch that began around 11,700 years ago?

WHOLE-NEW

Though you could easily be steered wrong by the names of varieties like zebra and bumblebee, the opaque gemstone jasper has a name that suggests it will have what characteristic feature?

SPOTS

Named for a large area from where ice cores were extracted that help to mark its upper and lower boundaries, the first stage of the holocene epoch that started over 11,500 years ago is called what?

GREENLANDIAN

Taking its name from the North Greenland Ice Core Project, what is the second and middle stage of the holocene epoch called?

NORTHGRIPPIAN

Nothing to do with Greenland but named for an Indian state, what is the third and current stage of the holocene epoch? The state is home to the Mawmluh Cave where a stalagmite was discovered that helped to mark the end of the Northgrippian stage.

MEGHALAYAN

Named for a French chemist, which non-crystalline silica mineraloid can be formed by lightning in the form of a fulgurite?

LECHATELIERITE

Discovered in the Strassfurt salt mines of Saxony-Anhalt, which mineral containing potassium gets its name from a Greek term that indicates it’s new in a previously unknown way? This term also gives rise to an alternate spelling of a geological era.

KAINITE (The era being Kainozoic)

Named for a section of the Alps that has its high point at Eisenhut in Styria, which age of the Late Triassic epoch saw the Manicougan impact, an event that formed the annular lake known as the ‘Eye of Quebec’?

NORIAN (After Noric Alps)

The final age of the Triassic period was ultimately named for which Roman province that lay to the west of Noricum? Modern day locations covered by it include Vorarlberg, Lake Constance and Augsburg.

RAETIA

The Triassic-Jurassic extinction event that led to the dominance of the dinosaurs came following the Rhaetian age and before which lowest stage of the Jurassic Period? Its name comes from a small commune in France situated between Metz and Luxembourg that has a double-barreled name, the second part of which is ‘Grande’.

HETTANGIAN

Not awarded every year and getting its name from a Norwegian-American philanthropist, which award issued by Columbia University is considered to be the Nobel Prize of Geology?

VETLESEN PRIZE

Important for fisheries as it allows nutrients to be redistributed, what type of mictic lake has a uniform temperature and density throughout the water at least once during the year? This can be contrasted with a meromictic lake that is permanently stratified.

HOLOMICTIC

McGinnis Lake is a meromictic lake within which Ontario Provincial Park that is known for its rock carvings? It is situated north-east of Peterborough, a city that has been called the ‘gateway to the Kawarthas’.

PETROGLYPHS PROVINCIAL PARK

Found within the Dore Mountains in Auvergne, which meromictic lake in Puy-de-Dôme department gives its name to a semi-soft cheese made from cow’s milk?

(LAC) PAVIN

Mammals

You’d think that if I saw a picture of a kangaroo-like animal sitting in a tree that I’d be able to recognise it was a tree-kangaroo, but no. Did I somehow think those creatures weren’t macropods?

Questions

Coming from the Greek words for ‘tree’ and ‘hare’, which genus within the Macropodidae family represents the tree-kangaroo?

DENDROLAGUS

Active at the Berlin Zoological Museum, which German zoologist is honoured in the name of a species of tree-kangaroo and a species of galago? His name also features in the binomial for the Togo leaf-toed gecko.

PAUL MATSCHIE

Alternatively known as the tenkile, Scott’s tree-kangaroo can be found in which mountains on the island of New Guinea that are named for a 17th century physicist?

TORRICELLI MOUNTAINS

Marsupials such as the wallabies, wombats and tree-kangaroos can be found in which order that has a name derived from the Greek for ‘two front teeth’?

DIPROTODONTIA

The term in Greek meaning ‘forest-walker’, what name is used for the family of gibbons?

HYLOBATIDAE

All of them being endangered, which second most speciose genus of gibbons includes the numerous black-crested and white-cheeked examples?

NOMASCUS

Distinguished by a membrane between its toes and a throat pouch, the siamang is the only species found in which genus of gibbons?

SYMPHALANGUS

Made up of greater and lesser species, what animal has been called the South American wolverine even though is in a different genus within the Mustelidae family?

GRISON

If you were to encounter ‘Neogale vison’ on your travels through Europe you would be witnessing which member of the mustelid family?

AMERICAN MINK

Not a nicely repeating term but one that is suggestive of what they may look like, what is the scientific name of the semi-aquatic European or Russian mink?

MUSTELA LUTREOLA

Its German name of ‘Feuerwiesel’ appropriate given its brightly coloured fur, what is the alternative name for the Siberian weasel?

KOLONOK

The critically endangered Iriomote cat that is native to the Japanese island of the same name is a sub-species of which type of cat?

LEOPARD CAT

Iriomote, home to the critically endangered cat, is the second largest island in Okinawa prefecture and the largest of which sub-group of the Ryukyu Islands? They lie much closer to Taiwan than the Japanese mainland.

YAEYAMA ISLANDS

A Youtube video first uploaded in 2020 saw which mammal described as having legs that ‘aren’t made for distance’? Other comments made led to it going viral as “The Body is Round” meme.

PALLAS’S CAT

The only member of its genus and native to Africa, what type of creature is an oribi?

ANTELOPE

A sub-division of the order Artiodactyla, in which family is the antelope known as the oribi?

BOVIDAE

What term is used for a female pig that hasn’t given birth yet, with sow being used for one that has had a litter?

GILT

Giving a clear indication that it is red and an antelope, which Afrikaans word is an alternate name for the impala?

ROOIBOK

In contrast to the widely distributed common or Kenyan impala, which sub-species of that antelope is endangered?

BLACK-FACED IMPALA

Meaning ‘high-horned’, in what genus is the impala the only extant member, though it can be divided into the  sub-species’ common and black-faced?

AEPYCEROS

Meaning ‘black-foot’, what is added to ‘Aepyceros’ to give the species name for the impala?

MELAMPUS

Chemistry

I hate to think how many misunderstandings there will be in here, even if I’ve spent ten times as long as I would on a pop music question.

Questions

Popular because it doesn’t burn easily and is a good insulator, which toxic compound once used in collant fluids is abbreviated as PCB?

POLYCHLORINATEDBIPHENYL

Also discovered independently by Fulda-born Karl Ferdinand Braun, Le Chatelier’s principle is used to predict the effects that changing variables will have on what within chemistry?

(CHEMICAL) EQUILIBRIA

What is the term for an isomer that has the same number of atoms in its molecular formula but the bond connections are different? An example would be C4H10O, which can have its letters and numbers shifted around to make butanol, methyl proper ether and diethyl ether.

CONSTITUTIONAL or STRUCTURAL

Its simplest example being formic acid, a carboxylic acid is characterised as including a carboxyl group as represented by a formula with which four letters?

COOH

The co-discoverer of a record 12 chemical elements, all of them consecutive from 95 through to 106, who suggested the name seaborgium for 106? This is one of two elements named for a person who was alive at the time.

ALBERT GHIORSO

Used as a flavour enhancer and found naturally in a number of foods such as cheese, MSG is a salt of which amino acid that has been assigned the letter E?

GLUTAMIC ACID

Taken from an acronym used for the project team whose work led to the 1952 Ivy Mike H-bomb test, what was the original ‘joke’ name for einsteinium?

PANDEMONIUM

The simplest of the aldehydes, what is the chemical formula for formaldehyde, a compound that can be used to create more complex combinations that find industrial use?

CH2O

Containing a carboxyl group, what is the chemical formula for acetic acid, the second simplest of the carboxylic acids after formic acid?

CH3COOH (Formic acid being HCOOH)

Setting off one of the longest priority disputes in the history of chemistry, which element did Carl Auer von Welsbach name Cassiopeium in 1907 after separating it from Ytterbium?

LUTETIUM

Its chemical formula being C2H2O or H2C=C=O, what is the formal name used for ketene? That latter word is also used for the wider group of compounds that contain a carbonyl group double-bonded to a carbon atom, which is in turn attached to two organic groups?

ETHENONE

Nominated for the Nobel Prize 41 times but never winning, Gilbert Lewis is credited with naming which elementary particle in 1926?

PHOTON

One of the alternate names confusingly able to be shortened to LEDs, Gilbert Lewis is associated with namesake structures that contain what distinctive features in addition to chemical elements and lines?

DOTS

Electron pairs being a key part of its development, what two-word concept did Gilbert Lewis introduce in his 1916 paper “The Atom and the Molecule”?

COVALENT BOND

Involving the reaction of an ester and an alkali, what is the process called that sees fatty acids converted into the salt we know as soap?

SAPONIFICATION

Able to be formed with one, two or three fatty acids, which ester derived from glycerol reacts with sodium hydroxide to form soap in the process of saponification?

GLYCERIDE

Birds

Some nice and colourful cuties here.

Questions

Its name also having been used for different species in Australia and Africa, the huge stork known as the jabiru comes from a Tupi-Guarani word that means what? One distinctive feature is a red pouch at the base of its throat.

SWOLLEN NECK

Also going by the name redbird, common cardinal, red cardinal or simply, cardinal, what is the most common rendering of ‘Cardinalis cardinalis’, this being to distinguish it from cardinals found in other areas?

NORTHERN CARDINAL

Unsurprisingly having a geographical distribution further south than the Northern cardinal, what is the alternative name for the desert cardinal? It comes from the Greek and refers to its reddish colour and the oblique shape of its bill.

PYRRHULOXIA

Found in Colombia and Venezuela, which third member of the Cardinalis genus gets its common name from the striking colour of its male?

VERMILION CARDINAL

The sole extant member of the genus Megadyptes is a penguin that has been given what common name thanks to a distinctive feature? Endemic to New Zealand, it is also known as hoiho or tarakaka.

YELLOW-EYED PENGUIN

Written and directed by “Full House” star Bob Saget, which parody of “March of the Penguins” has Samuel L. Jackson as its narrator and among its many sphenisciformes is one who is ‘freezing their nuts off’?

FARCE OF THE PENGUINS

Found in North America and the only member of the Corthylio genus, what type of bird is the ‘ruby-crowned’, this name coming from the red patch on its head? There is also a golden-crowned version that carries the same name, though this sits in a different genus.

KINGLET

A member of the kinglet family, what is the repetitive binomial carried by the goldcrest, a bird that unsurprisingly sports a nice streak of gold on top of its head?

REGULUS REGULUS

Now a name used by two different species, one of which is native to Madeira, which members of the Regulus genus get their name from the orange crown seen on the males?

FIRECREST

Its binomial name taken from ornithologist Walter Goodfellow, the flamecrest is a member of the Regulus genus that is native to which island, this being sometimes put before firecrest in an alternate name?

TAIWAN

Nobel Prize mix

Because this is how I want to spend my birthday…

Questions

A key stage in the develop of the 3rd Law of Thermodynamics, the Nernst Heat Theorem that led to Walther Nernst receiving the 1920 Nobel Prize in Chemistry sometimes adds which German student of his to its title? Never becoming a Nobel Laureate, this person devised the gaseous diffusion method, an important stage in the creation of the atomic bomb.

FRANÇOIS SIMON

Awarded the 1960 Nobel Prize in Physics for proving that CP violation was a thing, which American particle physicist’s first and second name provide the forename and surname of another famous Nobel Laureate?

JAMES (WATSON) CRONIN

Spoiling the dream that all natural laws had symmetry when he helped to prove CP violation, who shared the 1960 Nobel Prize in Physics with James Cronin? This American nuclear physicist had previously worked on the Manhattan Project.

VAL FITCH

Performing his experiments at the Super-Kamiokande observatory in Gifu Prefecture, which Japanese scientist won the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physics for proving that neutrino oscillation exists, implying as a result that neutrinos must have mass?

TAKAAKI KAJITA

Sharing the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physics with Takaaki Kajita was which Canadian astrophysicist, whose experiments at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory independently proved the existence of neutrino oscillation?

ARTHUR B. MCDONALD

Making an appearance in an episode of “The Big Bang Theory”, Nobel Laureate Frances Arnold won her Chemistry prize in 2018 for using directed evolution to engineer what?

ENZYMES

Awarded the 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, George Smith is known for what technique that sees a protein expressed on the outside of a certain type of virus?

PHAGE DISPLAY

Sharing the 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Americans Frances Arnold and George Smith, which British molecular biologist credited for his work on phage display has played a part in humanising antibodies for therapeutic use, these previously having been derived from mice?

GREGORY WINTER

1972 Nobel Prize in Economics winner Kenneth Arrow is particularly known for what theorem that deals with voting preferences and suggests that as soon as people are presented with at least three distinct choices, the system can’t rank community-wide preferences without violating certain other criteria?

(ARROW’S) IMPOSSIBILITY THEOREM

Having the compensated demand function named for him, which British contributor to general equilibrium theory who wrote the 1969 work “Value and Capital” shared the 1972 Nobel Prize in Economics with Kenneth Arrow?

JOHN HICKS

Human body – Amino acids take over

I’ve attempted to get my head around what transduction means and learn some basics about amino acids. But I feel I’m at a very basic level here and am surely missing the fundamentals that I need to add layers to.

Questions

Easily confused with his grandfather, Danish anatomist Caspar Bartholin the Younger used a 1678 work to describe a pair of glands that now take his name. Also known as the greater vestibular glands, to which part of the body do they provide lubrication?

VAGINA

Not to be confused with the 18th century poet of the same name, anatomist William Cowper published the supposedly plagiarised “The Anatomy of Humane Bodies” in 1698 and gives his name to two male glands that serve to neutralise the acidity of which tube, this being to prepare for the passage of sperm cells?

URETHRA (The glands are also called bulbourethral glands)

Useful to remember the stages of embryonic development, the mnemonic ‘Zara and Michael are Big Gaming Nerds’ stands for what five words?

ZYGOTE, MORULA, BLASTULA, GASTRULA, NEURLA

Located on either side of the thalamus and housing the hippocampus and amygdala, as what cortex is the limbic system also known?

PALEOMAMMALIAN CORTEX

The bottom nine of them being fused, how many vertebrae usually make up the human spine?

THIRTY-THREE

Sensory transduction occurs in the nervous system when an arriving stimulus is converted into an electric impulse by what kind of cell?

RECEPTOR

The process of what kind of transduction involves reception by the cell, that stage seeing it receive information that the environment has changed, through to the change that takes place in the cell?

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION

First discovered in the protein casein in 1846, the amino acid tyrosine gets its name from the Greek word for what?

CHEESE

A non-essential member of the famous group of twenty amino acids, tyrosine is designated by which letter of the alphabet?

Y

As three of the well known 20 amino acids begin with the letter T, tyrosine has been assigned with a Y and tryptophan a W. Able to be produced from E. coli, which amino acid gets given the honour of using the T?

THREONINE

One of the characteristics of all the amino acids is that they contain an amino group, this being represented by what chemical formula?

NH2

Along with the NH2 amino group, all amino acids contain what kind of group that is represented by the formula COOH?

CARBOXYL GROUP

In an amino acid the NH2 amino group and COOH carboxyl group are attached to an atom of what chemical element?

CARBON

In the general formula for an amino acid the alpha-carbon atom is always attached to a NH2 amino group, a COOH carboxyl group and an atom of what element?

HYDROGEN

Nobel Prizes – Another 10 brain friers

I expect some of these may need me to see them a dozen of times before they remotely connect, but for a couple I’m now trying to push towards what they mean rather than just name who invented the cool sounding stuff.

Questions

Becoming an American citizen in 1956, Spanish-born Severo Ochoa was awarded the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physiology for helping to determine how which molecules were synthesised? His work involved research into the enzyme polynucleotide phosphorylase, or PNPase for short.

RNA

Sharing the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physiology with Severo Ochoa was which American biochemist, whose studying of enzymes helped to make important discoveries in the synthesis of DNA?

ARTHUR KORNBERG

Born in the United States to Chinese immigrant parents, who took home the 1976 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of a subatomic particle that has been called a ‘charmonium’, a name given to mesons that consist of one charm quark and a charm antiquark?

SAMUEL TING

Having the same surname as another famous American physicist, who shared the 1976 Nobel Prize in Physics with Samuel Ting for independently helping to identify the sought after charm quark?

BURTON RICHTER

Finding applications in particle physics, which invention that was apparently not inspired by a glass of beer saw Donald Glaser become the sole recipient of the 1960 Nobel Prize in Physics?

BUBBLE CHAMBER

Experiments conducted there in the 1970s helping to prove the electroweak theory, what was the name of the bubble chamber operated by CERN that takes its name from Gargantua’s mother in François Rabelais’ “Gargantua and Pantagruel”?

GARGAMELLE

Associated with new classical economics, Robert Lucas made significant contributions to which two-word economic theory, using it in one paper to shed light on how people react to changes in the money supply? He won the 1995 Nobel Prize in Economics for applying this to macroeconomics, with the term originally having been introduced in 1961 by John F. Muth.

RATIONAL EXPECTATIONS

Awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1997, Danish biochemist Jens Christian Skou discovered what double-barreled ‘pump’ in 1957, this being named for two elements and helping with the understanding of how their ions move in and out of cells?

SODIUM-POTASSIUM

Although you could be forgiven for thinking that he is a scotch whisky, which Brit born in Halifax shared the 1997 Nobel Prize in Chemistry alongside Jens Christian Skou and American Paul D. Boyer?

JOHN E. WALKER

John E. Walker and Paul D. Boyer shared the 1997 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with sodium-potassium pump discoverer Jens Christian Skou for their research into the biosynthesis of which nucleotide?

ATP / ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE

Performed by Harvey Fletcher and Robert Millikan, though only the latter went on to win a Nobel Prize, what was the oil drop experiment set up to measure?

ELEMENTARY ELECTRIC CHARGE / THE CHARGE OF AN ELECTRON

Nobel Prize – Economics and viruses

More stuff that is off the difficulty charts, especially with the economics. The physiology ones seem a bit more accessible, but I ought to spend some time understanding how viruses work so I can one day connect more with these achievements.

Questions

Partly named for Bertil Ohlin, the Swedish winner of the 1977 Nobel Prize in Economics, the Heckscher-Ohlin model builds on David Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage and is a model of what two-word term?

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Associated with NGDP targeting, with NGDP standing for nominal gross domestic product, which British economist shared the 1977 Nobel Prize in Economics with Bertil Ohlin? He was a member of the Cambridge Circus, a group associated with John Maynard Keynes.

JAMES MEADE

Winner of the 2017 Nobel Prize in Economics, Richard Thaler helped Selena Gomez to explain which fallacy in “The Big Short”? Having its origins in the sport of basketball, people think that when they’re on a roll it is likely to continue.

HOT HAND FALLACY

His namesake paradox suggesting that significant changes in income do not result in equivalent changes in spending, 2015 Nobel Economics laureate Angus Deaton is known for his work on consumption and how that relates to poverty. He is also credited with developing the unfortunately named AIDS model, which stands for what and is used to analyse consumer behaviour?

ALMOST IDEAL DEMAND SYSTEM

Subsequent work leading to reduced risk of acquiring it through blood transfusion, which disease did British scientist Michael Houghton help to identify at Chiron Corporation in the late 1980s? He was awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physiology for his contribution.

HEPATITIS C

Michael Houghton’s work on hepatitis C built on the 1970s work of which American, who along with his research team demonstrated that most post-blood transfusion cases of hepatitis were not down to the known variants A and B? After Houghton made his discoveries, they were able to confirm that it was indeed the sought after virus, their contribution deemed important enough to take a share of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physiology.

HARVEY ALTER

Hungry to get on the hepatitis C roster for the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physiology, which American’s contribution involved injecting the virus into the liver of chimpanzees? This lead to its genetic elements being identified.

CHARLES RICE

The only French woman to have won the Nobel Prize in Physiology after being recognised in 2008, Françoise Barré-Sinoussi was a co-discoverer of which virus at the Pasteur Institute in Paris?

HIV

Causing controversy during the Covid pandemic for suggesting the virus may have been deliberately created and released from a laboratory, who worked with Françoise Barré-Sinoussi on the team that helped to discover HIV? He was a co-recipient of the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physiology.

LUC MONTAGNIER

Though Harald zur Hausen shared the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physiology with Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier it was not for the discovery of HIV. Instead he discovered the role of papilloma viruses in which disease?

CERVICAL CANCER